Heap

Related Notes: Heap - CS2400

Heap: Complete binary tree whose nodes contain comparable objects.

Caveat: Do not confuse this with dynamic memory; we are talking about the heap ADT.

Two Types of Heaps:

1. Maxheap: Object in node greater than or equal to its descendent objects.
2. Minheap: Object in node less than or equal to its descendent objects.

• (Implementations are exactly the same, only difference is whether you compare with \le \lor \ge)

Example: Maxheap Interface

public interface MaxHeapInterface<T extends Comparable<? super T>> {
  void add (T newEntry);
  T removeMax();
  T getMax();
  boolean isEmpty();
  int getSize();
  void clear();
}

• T getMax() is really just T getRootData() from the TreeInterface

Priority Queue / FIFO Behavior:

• Suppose you put in the same node (a) twice: a_1 followed by a_2. When you “dequeue”, a_1 will come out first.

Representing Complete Binary Tree with an Array

We can use a (partially-filled) array to represent a complete binary tree

• No need to mess around with nodes!

How-To:

1. Number nodes in the order in which level-order traversal would visit them.
   • (Start indexing/counting the nodes at 1.)
2. We locate the children or the parent of any node with a simple computation:

Node n(index)

• Parent: n/2
• Left: 2n
• Right: 2n+1

3. Swap values to maintain maxheap/minheap.

Note: Inserting

Steps:

1. Insert the new value in a way to keeps the tree complete
2. Check the parent’s value. Swap the parent and new node if they don’t follow max/min rules.
3. Repeat step 2 on the parent node, until you reach the root. (Reheap)

• To insert, you need to be able to find the parent of any node.

Note: Removal

Note: Reheaping the Whole Tree

1. Look at the root node and swap it with the smallest/biggest appropriate child to maintain min/max heap.
2. Traverse down the tree

Note: Removal

Steps

1. Move last node to the position of the node to remove.
2. Reheap the whole tree.

Growing the Array:

• You can safely expand the array (copy-by-value to a bigger array). You don’t need to perform any special operations.

Priority Queue